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India
RCA
Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), the Nodal Ministry for RCA in India, Welcomes You

Success Stories - Energy

 

ENERGY AND NUCLEAR POWER

Energy Growth in India

  • Strong correlation between per capita GDP and per capita electricity consumption

  • Tenfold growth in electricity generation capacity necessary over next fifty years

  • shortage of energy resources is a major challenge

  • 20-25% share for nuclear power inevitable even after accounting for all other energy forms

  • Environmental considerations may demand even higher share

The history of power development in India commenced with the installation of a 130 kW hydro station at Darjeeling in 1899. This was followed by installation of a 100 kW steam generating unit in 1899 at Calcutta. Today the production and utilisation of energy have become one of the most important preconditions for socio- economic growth as well as welfare of the people. Electric Power Survey Committee, set up by Government of India from time to time are assessing demand for power in the country. The energy requirement and peak demand by the end of 2020 may well be in the vicinity of 1563 billion units and 260000 MW which demands a proper and long-term energy mix policy planning.

For a large country like India, a major fraction of energy must come from domestic resources. From a long-term perspective, we have rather limited options in this regard. The existing reserves of coal in India would be inadequate to meet an enhanced rate of energy consumption, comparable to today's world average per capita level. Solar and other renewable and non-conventional energy sources must be deployed to the fullest extent possible. However, to meet the large concentrated energy needs for industries and urban centers, the only sustainable energy resource available to us in India, indeed the entire world in a longer-term time frame, is nuclear energy. Here too, we are in a rather unique situation with regard to the availability of nuclear resources in our country.

Projected Installed Power Capacity by Fuel (GWe)

We have rather meagre reserves of uranium, the only naturally occurring fissile element that can be directly used in a nuclear reactor to produce energy through nuclear fission. We have nearly a third of the entire world's thorium, which is a fertile element and needs to be first converted to a fissile material, uranium-233, in a reactor. Our strategies for large-scale deployment of nuclear energy must be, therefore, focussed towards utilisation of thorium.

The importance of nuclear energy, as a sustainable energy resource for our country was recognised at the very inception of our atomic energy programme more than four decades ago. A three-stage nuclear power programme, based on a closed nuclear fuel cycle, was then chalked out. The three stages are:

  • Natural uranium fuelled Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs),
  • Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) utilising plutonium based fuel, and
  • Advanced nuclear power systems for utilisation of thorium.

 

A Brief on India’s Nuclear Energy Programme – The Organisation

Nuclear Power plants under operation

 

Unit-Location

Type

Capacity (MWe)

Date of Commercial Operation

TAPS-1 Tarapur, Maharashtra

BWR

160

28-Oct-1969

TAPS-2 Tarapur, Maharashtra

BWR

160

28-Oct-1969

TAPS-3 Tarapur, Maharashtra

PHWR

540

18-Aug- 2006

TAPS -4 Tarapur, Maharashtra

PHWR

540

12- Sept- 2005

 

RAPS-1 Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

PHWR

100

16-Dec-1973

RAPS-2 Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

PHWR

200

01-Apr-1981

 

MAPS-1 Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu

PHWR

220

27-Jan-1984

MAPS-2 Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu

PHWR

220

21-Mar-1986

 

NAPS-1 Narora, Uttar Pradesh

PHWR

220

01-Jan-1991

NAPS-2 Narora, Uttar Pradesh

PHWR

220

01-Jul-1992

 

KAPS-1 Kakrapar, Gujarat

PHWR

220

06-May-1993

KAPS-2 Kakrapar, Gujarat

PHWR

220

01-Sep-1995

 

KAIGA-1 Kaiga, Karnataka

PHWR

220

16-Nov-2000

KAIGA-2 Kaiga, Karnataka

PHWR

220

16-Mar-2000

 

RAPS-3 Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

PHWR

220

01-Jun-2000

RAPS-4 Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

PHWR

220

23-Dec-2000

Total

 

3900

 

 Nuclear Power plants under construction

Project

Capacity MWe

Scheduled Commercial Operation

Kaiga-3 & 4

2 X 220

U3 – Mar 07
U4 – Sep 07

KK - 1 & 2

2 X 1000

U1 – Dec 07
U2 – Dec 08

RAPP - 5 & 6

2 X 220

U5 – Aug 07
U6 – Feb 08

MAPS

1 x 500

MAR 2011

At present, there are sixteen operating Nuclear Power Plants in India with steadily improving performance and eight reactors are under construction . The plants generated a total of more than 18 billion Units of electricity, achieving a gross capacity factor of about 75% in the financial year 2005/06.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL). - A Public Sector Under taking under the Department of Atomic Energy is spearheading India's nuclear power programme. The NPCIL, with its record of safety and excellence, preserves environment, keeping it healthy; as the nature intended it to be.

To develop nuclear power technology and to produce nuclear power as a safe, environmentally benign and economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of the country is the Mission of NPCIL .

NPCIL re-dedicates itself to increase nuclear power generation capacity in the Country consistent with the available resources in a self reliant, safe, economical and rapid manner in keeping with the growth of energy demand in the Country.

R&D Support to Nuclear Power

The programmes relating to Nuclear Power and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle have been built on the multidisciplinary R&D infrastructure of the Department of Atomic Energy. The indigenisation of equipment and components and has led to the development of technologies for operation and maintenance of power reactors. The technologies emanated from the research and development include development of automation, monitoring, inspection, and repair systems, equipment and gadgets. A number of state-of-the-art instrumentation and control systems for reactors and heavy water plants have been developed at BARC and IGCAR. NPCIL has gained rich expertise in plant life management.

The strong R&D base built over a period of time has led to a number of successes notably repair of overpressure relief device of RAPS-1, En-masse removal and replacement of coolant channels of RAPS-2; Management of Calandria inlet manifold, End-shield repair; Steam generator hair-pin removal, Development of BARCIS system for in-service inspection of coolant channels, and System to relocate garter springs in coolant channels. A number of new technologies, such as servo-manipulators, image processing based alignment system, and others have also been developed. From KAPS-2 onwards, improved coolant channel material and modified channel design have been adopted for longer life of the coolant channel.

Quality Assurance

DAE has been promoting technology relating to quality assurance. This approach has paid dividends to the nation by upgrading quality levels of the Indian industry which has been in progress. Several nondestructive testing techniques and equipment developed by BARC and IGCAR, have found wide use in industry. In view of the high quality standards, NPCIL, in the field of quality assurance, has been awarded the ISO 9002 status

The earlier RCA project RAS/0/028 has helped the Member States in this region to make comparative assessment of electricity generation options. This project also provided the basis to conduct the case studies to assess the role of nuclear power as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol.

Servo Manipulator Workstation of Waste Immobilization Plant at BARC

The Department of Atomic Energy in close association with Central Electricity Authority (CEA), New Delhi, Council of Power Utilities (CPU), Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP), Ministry of Environment and other government agencies is actively participating in the RCA project with full Government support and commitment.

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